Bathroom Renovation Surrey

Bathroom Renovation Surrey

Crown molding installation

They don't cut corners or settle for 'good enough'. Learn more about Bathroom Renovation Surrey here Plus, they're flexible, ready to adjust plans as your needs evolve during the project.

Toilet installation

  1. Wall removal services
  2. Painting and wall finishes
  3. Basement waterproofing
  4. Eco-friendly renovations
  5. Lighting upgrades
  6. Staircase renovation
  7. Project management
  8. Home addition services
  9. Residential remodeling
  10. Renovation cost estimates
  11. Foundation repair
  12. Bedroom remodeling
  13. Energy-efficient renovations
  14. Financing options for renovation
  15. Surrey custom home upgrades
  16. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  17. Home renovation
  18. Sunroom addition
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. offers a wide range of commercial upgrade solutions, from complete overhauls to specific area improvements. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. They'll assess your space, discuss your objectives, and propose design solutions that optimize your property's potential.
They'll guide you through the selection of water-efficient fixtures and eco-friendly materials that reduce your environmental footprint without compromising on style or comfort. These choices ensure your renovation project aligns with green building standards, contributing to a healthier indoor environment and potentially lowering your energy bills. From marble countertops to bespoke cabinetry and mood lighting, every detail contributes to creating a luxurious sanctuary that's uniquely yours.
But, what sets them apart in the realm of home improvement? One testimonial mentioned how the project was completed on time and within budget, a rarity in home improvement projects.

House remodeling experts

  1. Electrical renovations
  2. Custom cabinetry
  3. Whole house renovation
  4. Attic renovation
  5. Home remodeling consultation
  6. Outdoor kitchen installation
  7. Countertop installation
  8. Kitchen renovation
  9. Basement suite construction
  10. Bathroom renovation
  11. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  12. Renovation contractors
  13. Landscaping and hardscaping
  14. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  15. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  16. Tile installation services
They've mastered the art of overseeing every detail, guaranteeing that your project stays on track, within budget, and meets all your specifications.

Sustainable renovation materials

  1. Lighting upgrades
  2. Staircase renovation
  3. Project management
  4. Home addition services
  5. Residential remodeling
  6. Renovation cost estimates
  7. Foundation repair
  8. Bedroom remodeling
  9. Energy-efficient renovations
  10. Financing options for renovation
  11. Surrey custom home upgrades
  12. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  13. Home renovation
  14. Sunroom addition
  15. Laundry room renovation
  16. Full-service renovation Surrey
  17. Soundproofing renovation
  18. Accessible home design
  19. Local home renovators Surrey
  20. Home gym remodeling

So, if you're looking to make your Bathroom Renovation Surrey home improvement dreams a reality, they're the go-to experts. Closet renovations They've taken the essence of what makes a space special and amplified it, ensuring every corner of your home reflects your personal style and needs. Shifting focus to the outside, exterior makeovers can dramatically enhance your home's curb appeal and overall value.

Their commitment to utilizing quality materials and tools, combined with exceptional project management skills, ensures your home transformation is handled with utmost care and professionalism. From luxurious bathroom upgrades to innovative kitchen renovations, their commitment to personalized service is designed to meet your specific desires. Why settle for standard when you can embrace sustainability in your home improvement projects with Canyon Property Projects Ltd.?

House remodeling experts

  • Backsplash installation
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Home improvement services
  • Flooring installation
  • Home office renovation
  • Porch renovation
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Green home remodeling
  • Mudroom design
  • Living room renovation
Their team coordinates all activities, ensuring that the work isn't only of high quality but also completed on time. A well-maintained front yard, a freshly painted door, and clean, clear pathways can significantly boost your home's appearance and value.

They understand that your home is your sanctuary, which is why they put you at the heart of every decision. Upgrading your vanity area with custom cabinetry and marble countertops not only adds elegance but also improves functionality. They understand that a bathroom renovation is a significant investment, and they're committed to delivering exceptional quality that boosts both your home's value and your everyday living experience. Firstly, they kick off with a detailed consultation to understand your vision and goals.

Their services span from comprehensive renovations to targeted upgrades, ensuring your property stands out in the competitive Bathroom Renovation Surrey market. Their team consists of skilled professionals who've honed their craft through years of experience, ensuring every detail of your project is executed with precision and care.

Baseboard and trim renovation

  • Home theater installation
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Home improvement services
  • Flooring installation
  • Home office renovation
  • Porch renovation
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Green home remodeling
  • Mudroom design
  • Living room renovation
  • Electrical renovations
Whether you're aiming to sell your home or simply want to make it a more pleasant place to return to each day, enhancing your curb appeal is a critical step. They're usually gray, sometimes marked with 'PB2110'.

Whether you're looking to breathe new life into your living space or embark on a more ambitious construction project, their streamlined process and dedication to excellence promise to turn your vision into reality. With them, it's always about delivering exceptional results that resonate with you on a personal level. Beyond customizing your space, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. also ensures that each project meets exceptional quality standards. They've fine-tuned their process to ensure you're not just another project on the board; you're a partner in the creation of your dream space.

Citations and other links

Master Bathroom Remodel Bathroom Renovation Surrey

Stay with us to uncover how they can turn your home renovation dreams into reality, backed by glowing client testimonials and a steadfast dedication to excellence. Their comprehensive suite of services, tailored to meet the unique demands of your project, ensures that quality and craftsmanship sit at the heart of your home transformation. They also specialize in fitting energy-efficient lighting and smart home systems, which not only contribute to reducing energy use but also add convenience to your life. Understanding the importance of sustainability, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. offers energy-efficient home improvements that'll reduce your carbon footprint and save you money on utility bills. You'll select materials and finishes that reflect your style and meet your functionality needs.
This approach not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of your home but also increases its value and longevity. Aging-in-place renovations At Canyon Property Projects Ltd., we understand that the foundation of any standout project lies in the selection of superior materials. Kicking off your home improvement journey with Canyon Property Projects Ltd. starts with a simple phone call or email to their team. First off, they sit down with you for a detailed consultation.
Enhancing your home's curb appeal can significantly increase its value and create a lasting first impression. After emphasizing the importance of choosing high-quality materials, it's equally crucial to highlight the skilled team and exceptional craftsmanship that Canyon Property Projects Ltd. brings to your home improvement project. Read more about Bathroom Renovation Surrey here They're not just about giving your home a high-tech facelift; it's about transforming your living spaces into intelligent environments that adapt to your needs and preferences. Ambient, task, and accent lighting solutions can highlight architectural features and improve makeup application and shaving.
This means less debris ends up in landfills, and more materials are reused and repurposed. You'll find their kitchen renovations particularly compelling, as they focus on creating spaces that are both beautiful and highly functional. They understand the importance of minimizing disruption to your daily life, so they work diligently to ensure their projects are completed swiftly, without compromising on quality. You'll appreciate lower water bills and the satisfaction of contributing to a sustainable future.

Baseboard and trim renovation

  • Crown molding installation
  • Home layout redesign
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Open concept renovation
  • Custom home remodeling
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Toilet installation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Window replacement
  • House remodeling experts
  • Closet renovations
  • Interior remodeling
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Basement finishing

Master Bathroom Remodel Bathroom Renovation Surrey
Interior House Upgrades Bathroom Renovation Surrey

Interior House Upgrades Bathroom Renovation Surrey

Execution is handled with precision. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you're not just making home improvements; you're elevating your living space to a new level of luxury and functionality. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you'll find that tailoring your home to meet your specific needs and desires isn't only possible but encouraged. After upgrading your bathroom, consider embarking on a comprehensive home makeover to further enhance your property's appeal and functionality.

Their expertise spans across various disciplines, ensuring every aspect of your project is covered by someone who knows exactly what they're doing. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, their team is there, ensuring every detail is considered and every deadline is met with precision. They don't just stop at blending these spaces. Basement finishing

With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you can rest assured that your home is in skilled hands. Imagine stepping into a space where every element, from the sleek, modern fixtures to the warm, ambient lighting, has been chosen to create an oasis of relaxation. Open concept renovation They manage everything from the initial design consultation to the final touches, making your project seamless and stress-free.

Canyon Property Projects Ltd's team meticulously designed this space to be both a peaceful sanctuary and a functional home office, featuring large glass windows that invite natural light while offering views of the landscape. They recognize that every home improvement project is as unique as the homeowner themselves. You'll find that they use sustainable wood, low-VOC paints, and energy-saving lighting fixtures to minimize environmental impact without compromising on quality or aesthetics.

Bathroom Upgrades Bathroom Renovation Surrey

Several standout projects showcase Canyon Property Projects Ltd's ability to transform homes with remarkable ingenuity and craftsmanship. An improvement that seems perfect now should also add value or adaptability for years to come. Just as a caterpillar transforms into a butterfly, Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Window replacement

  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Tile installation services
  • Interior painting
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Garage renovation
  • Home energy audit
  • Exterior painting
  • Vanity replacement
  • Structural renovation
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Wall removal services
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Eco-friendly renovations
has been instrumental in metamorphosing homes across Bathroom Renovation Surrey into their owners' dream spaces. In essence, their advanced technology integration services promise not just an upgrade to your home, but a transformation towards a smarter, more sustainable living space. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you have access to a range of options to upgrade your curb appeal, from simple fixes to comprehensive makeovers.

We keep you informed at every stage, from the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, ensuring that there are no surprises along the way. That's why they offer bespoke solutions, from custom vanity units that provide both elegance and functionality, to state-of-the-art rain showers that make every morning feel like a spa experience. Since its inception, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. has been transforming homes across Bathroom Renovation Surrey with its expert home improvement services. Custom home remodeling They understand that the beauty of any renovation or construction project lies in both its appearance and its durability.

Moreover, our commitment to sustainability means we're always looking for eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient solutions that benefit both you and the planet. Their dedication to craftsmanship is evident in every join, every paint stroke, and every tile laid. Their dedication to transforming your space into something you'll love is evident in every project they undertake. We listen carefully to your needs and preferences, incorporating your feedback throughout the project to ensure the final outcome reflects your vision.

That's why we've streamlined our processes, ensuring that every project we undertake is scheduled with precision and managed with the utmost efficiency. Imagine transforming your bathroom into a spa-like retreat where every detail reflects your personal style and meets your functional needs. Window replacement When you choose Canyon Property Projects Ltd. for your home improvement needs in Bathroom Renovation Surrey, you're not just getting a service provider; you're partnering with artisans who take immense pride in their work. Their team works closely with you to ensure every project aligns with your vision and budget, making your Bathroom Renovation Surrey property improvement journey as smooth as possible.

Bathroom Upgrades Bathroom Renovation Surrey
Complete House Revamp Bathroom Renovation Surrey
Complete House Revamp Bathroom Renovation Surrey

This transparency ensures you're fully informed and comfortable before any work begins. We're dedicated to delivering not just quality work, but also peace of mind, knowing your project will be completed on schedule. Think of your front yard as the welcoming arm of your home. Whether it's a kitchen remodel that simplifies your meal prep or a living room layout that brings the family together, every decision is made with your best interests in mind. After reading these glowing testimonials, you might be wondering why choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is the best decision for your home improvement needs.

This means your newly renovated home won't just look good; it'll also be kinder to the planet and your wallet in the long run. Once you're happy with the design, Canyon handles all the necessary permits and compliance issues, making the process hassle-free for you. You can't help but be impressed by the visual proof of their expertise. Your front door acts as the centerpiece of your home's exterior.

Consider the indulgence of a freestanding soaking tub or the convenience of a smart toilet with touchless flush and self-cleaning features. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd, you're not just upgrading your home; you're investing in your future comfort and happiness. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're assured of a home improvement experience that's as flawless as the results. This not only helps in conserving energy but also significantly lowers your utility bills.

That's why they're at the forefront, integrating smart home systems, energy-efficient solutions, and cutting-edge materials into their projects. You'll find their approach to technology integration isn't just about adding gadgets or the latest trends. Plumbing upgrades This approach means they're committed to transparency throughout the process, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way. Your vision, budget, and timeline are their top priorities, ensuring a personalized approach to every project, big or small.

Residential Kitchen Renovation Bathroom Renovation Surrey

Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't stop at aesthetics alone. Living spaces, transformed from cluttered and uninviting to open, airy, and welcoming, demonstrate Canyon's ability to create flow and harmony within a home. One client couldn't stop praising how the team transformed their outdated kitchen into a modern, functional space that's now the heart of their home. What's more, they understand the importance of staying on schedule and within budget.

Interior remodeling

  1. Modern home renovation Surrey
  2. Aging-in-place renovations
  3. Baseboard and trim renovation
  4. Window replacement
  5. House remodeling experts
  6. Closet renovations
  7. Interior remodeling
  8. Bathroom tile renovation
  9. Basement finishing
  10. Backsplash installation
  11. Built-in storage solutions
  12. Surrey heritage home restoration
  13. Walk-in shower installation
  14. Entertainment room renovation
  15. Roofing and gutters
  16. Fireplace remodeling
  17. Home improvement services
  18. Flooring installation
  19. Home office renovation
  20. Porch renovation
Replacing Poly B pipes before they fail is a smart move.
Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s approach to innovative design concepts transforms your home into a modern masterpiece that perfectly aligns with your lifestyle. Building on their solid foundation in home renovation, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. now offers an expanded range of services to meet even more of your home improvement needs. You'll notice the difference in the fine finishes, the precision in the construction, and the meticulous attention to detail. Their team doesn't just focus on aesthetics; they understand the importance of functionality and efficiency in a commercial setting.
They prioritize recycling and responsibly disposing of construction debris, minimizing the environmental impact of your project. Moreover, if you're in need of external makeovers, they excel in landscaping and creating outdoor living spaces that complement your home's character while maximizing your outdoor area's potential. After completion, they'll walk you through the project, showing you the ins and outs of what's been done. They also prioritize energy efficiency, from installing advanced insulation that keeps your home warm in the winter and cool in the summer, to incorporating smart technology that cuts down on power use.
Canyon Property stands out for its dedication to customer satisfaction.

Interior remodeling

  1. Entertainment room renovation
  2. Roofing and gutters
  3. Fireplace remodeling
  4. Home improvement services
  5. Flooring installation
  6. Home office renovation
  7. Porch renovation
  8. Surrey renovation project planning
  9. Green home remodeling
  10. Mudroom design
  11. Living room renovation
  12. Electrical renovations
  13. Custom cabinetry
  14. Whole house renovation
  15. Attic renovation
  16. Home remodeling consultation
  17. Outdoor kitchen installation
  18. Countertop installation
  19. Kitchen renovation
  20. Basement suite construction
They install fixtures that reduce water use without compromising performance, ensuring you're part of the solution to preserving our most precious resource.

Backsplash installation

  1. Bathroom renovation
  2. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  3. Renovation contractors
  4. Landscaping and hardscaping
  5. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  6. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  7. Tile installation services
  8. Interior painting
  9. Exterior home renovation
  10. Garage renovation
  11. Home energy audit
  12. Exterior painting
  13. Vanity replacement
  14. Structural renovation
  15. Entryway remodeling
  16. Home insulation upgrades
  17. Wall removal services
  18. Painting and wall finishes
  19. Basement waterproofing
  20. Eco-friendly renovations
Each project is approached with a unique blend of creativity and practicality, promising not only to meet but exceed your expectations. Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers a wide array of home improvement services, ensuring you can transform your space exactly how you envision it.

Baseboard and trim renovation

  • Home improvement services
  • Flooring installation
  • Home office renovation
  • Porch renovation
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Green home remodeling
  • Mudroom design
  • Living room renovation
  • Electrical renovations
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Whole house renovation
  • Attic renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Countertop installation
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Basement suite construction
  • Bathroom renovation

Explore Bathroom Renovation Surrey here
Residential Kitchen Renovation Bathroom Renovation Surrey
Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

Frequently Asked Questions

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